Living in D.C. means that there are lots of historical sites and I can visit if I want. Living here for almost 15 years means that I've either visited them already or don't really think about visiting them anymore, because they're always there and I can visit them any time.
I don't even really remember the last time I visited a historical site. That is, with the exception of Monticello, the home of Thomas Jefferson. Not because it was an especially memorable, but the visit was exceptionally memorable, because I ended up causing a bit of a scene. And right in the middle of the guided tour.
But it's been more than ten years since then. So I'd completely forgotten about that until I read about the history of slavery being whitewashed.
The Joel Lane Museum House in downtown Raleigh is where one of the state's most prominent families lived, sipping tea from expensive china and overseeing an empire of 6,000 acres.
It is also where slaves cooked and scrubbed and worked the fields -- but that gets scant mention at the privately owned museum.
Those who run the Lane House, like the leaders at many of the state's historic plantations, are uncomfortable talking about the practices that allowed wealthy owners to prosper. A new study from East Carolina University shows that, at many North Carolina plantations, talk of slaves takes a backseat to discussions of architecture, furnishings and gardens.
"It's a hard thing to talk about, because there's very little good you can say about it," said Belle Long, curator at the Lane House. "It's just awkward. It's such a black period in our history."
Long said she added a few mentions of slavery to the house tour last year. Before that, it was never mentioned to visitors.
According to the study, which examined the Web sites of 20 North Carolina plantations, seven don't mention slavery in their promotional materials. Only three were making strong efforts to reflect the slave experience.
My experience at Monticello went something like this. The tour followed what I guess was its usual course. We entered Monticello through the front door, walked through the first floor, and then out the back on to the rest of the grounds and the plantation.
At some point, we arrive at the slave quarters. Except I was surprise do learn that's not what they were called. They were called "servants' quarters" and all of the signage referred to "servants" and not "slaves." I was, to say the least, flabbergasted.
Now, mind you, this was probably around the time of the debate over Jefferson's relationship with his slave, Sally Hemmings. This may also have been around the time that a DNA test made it all but impossible to deny (not that some didn't try) that Jefferson most likely had a relationship with and fathered children by one of his slaves.
Rumors that Jefferson was a bit more of a Founding Father than he cared to admit have appeared in print since 1802, when journalist James Callender charged Jefferson with having an out-of-wedlock affair with a slave who lived at Monticello, Jefferson's Virginia plantation. According to Callender, Jefferson (whose wife, Martha, had died in 1782) took a slave girl to Paris when he was serving there as American ambassador in 1787. "By this wench Sally, our president has had several children," Callender wrote in the Richmond Recorder.
Jefferson never deigned to answer Callender's allegation. But most of his descendants and the great majority of historians have dismissed it ever since. They cite the third American President's well-known opinion of race mixing--"a degradation to which no one...can innocently consent," he wrote in 1814--as well as his reputation as a paragon of principle and self-discipline.
Now even such stalwart Jefferson defenders as the members of the Monticello Association, who trace their pedigrees back to Jefferson's two daughters with Martha, seem to have backed down in the face of the DNA tests, which found that some (but not all) of Hemings descendants shared extremely rare genetic traits with living members of Jefferson's family. "Who knows?" says the group's secretary, Gerald Morgan, 75, who had once discounted the president's affair as a "moral impossibility." "It was probably [Thomas] Jefferson who was the father."
Now, in retrospect, I guess I understand how sensitive a topic it might have been for the folks associated with Monticello and with the preserving Jeffereson's legacy. After all, here's a guy who wrote the Declaration of Independence, which included the famous phrase, "... all men are created equal..." Yet he owned slaves, and had a relationship with one, which resulted in several children. I can imagine the contradiction was difficult to address back then. One historian even called it a "moral impossibility," which can have more than one meaning.
Let us assume that the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings was founded and maintained, or one or the other, in love, or commitment, or a sense of responsibility-in other words, somewhere along the spectrum of what we would consider responsible behavior. Let us assume, also, that the relationship was kept a secret from Jefferson's daughters and their children, although Sally Hemings may well have told her children while they were still living at Monticello. "We were free from the dread of having to be slaves all our lives long," her son Madison remembered, "and were measurably happy." Is it possible that the black Jeffersons knew who their father was, while the white Jeffersons did not?
When we look at this story, or imagine it, from the perspective of Sally Hemings or Thomas Jefferson, it is one thing. When we try to see it from the point of view of the children, it is quite another. This is always the case in families. If Freud was right in the slightest, then the relationship between parent and child always embodies at least an element of conflict, of disappointment, of unrequited love. The secrets that look so understandable, so necessary for Thomas Jefferson, look quite another thing to his two families. How could you do this to us, his white family must have asked. Or rather, if we wish to confine ourselves to what we know, he could not have done this to us, they said. There are such things, after all, as moral impossibilities, which is another way of saying that our lives cannot make sense if such a thing is possible. If you were a white Jefferson, and your world was ordered by the knowledge that your father or grandfather loved you above all else, that you were entrusted with the knowledge of the real him, and if these things were more real to you than the features on the faces of your Hemings kin, then perhaps you would have lied, too.
Except that such a thing is possible. After all, the rumors about Strom Thurmond's African-American daughter turned out to be true, and the Thurmond family "struggled" with the knowledge of it.
Most southern whites are aware, if only vaguely of the race-related atrocities and mis-deeds of the past, but only in an abstract, disconnected way, because so rarely do those deeds actually come home in the form of flesh and blood members of their own families who took part. Great-grandpa's white Klan robes are likely hidden away in a trunk in some elderly relative's attic, unseen and probably unknown for a generation or more. The photo of grandma smiling at a local lynching, and pointing - along with other friends and neighbors - to the charred body hanging above, is probably in a photo album long since packed away and unopened for several decades. The charred finger and Uncle Billy Joe cut off as a souvenir has long since been lost. And the children of liaisons between powerful white men and powerless black women? Well, even if known they were never acknowledged, and usually either quietly went away or blended in to the background so as not to disturb the way things appeared to be.
"Strom rose to such stature, you just wonder how in the world this could have gone on," said Ms. Freeman, 64, a retired teacher in Lugoff, S.C. "My family always had help around the house. But it just seems Strom would have been above that."
"Above that." That statement leapt out at me to, as an echo of some of the objections to the liason between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings. One historian went so far as to say it was a "moral impossibility" that Jefferson had a sexual relationship with his slave, let alone fathered children by her.
And I'm sure the folks at Moticello "struggled" too. But at the time I went off. I said -- not shouting, but a voice loud enough for the tour group and the tour guide to hear -- "I can't believe this. What do they mean servants? These people weren't 'servants' they were slaves. They were property. 'Servants' eventually get their freedom eventually or even get paid. Servants are free to leave. These people weren't servants. They were slaves!"
My friends who were with me at time turned a bit red, but fully expected an outburst because I'd grumbled to them just moments before. The tour guide paused and looked nervously in my direction, perhaps to figure out if I was finished or just getting started. Quite a few people in the tour turned and looked. A few of them smiled, and even nodded. Maybe I was just saying what they were thinking.
As the picture above shows, Monticello has changed at least somewhat. At least the slave quarters are called what they were -- slave quarters.
I'm sure my little outburst didn't have much so much to do with that than with the realization by someone at Monticello that, however painful or embarrassing it may be. History doesn't go away just because you ignore it. Instead, it's more like a child trying to get the attention of a preoccupied parent. It pops up and jumps in your face, demanding your attention at the most inconvenient and inopportune moments.
And it will continue to do so until you give it the recognition and attention it deserves. Even then it doesn't go away, but it does become a bit easier to live with.
[Pics via crazytales562 and CharNewcomb.]
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Terrance,
Good for you for "creating a scene" - I think of it as calling people out on their b.s.
The idea of servants, which still exists in most parts of the world, including this one, is bad enough. But I can let that go, given that we're talking of a historical period where servants were part of the general system of oppression. But to call these "Servants' Quarters?" What a lovely, genteel way of sweeping history under the carpet.
Yasmin Nair | February 15, 2009 2:02 PM
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Great article, Terrance. Your experience makes me want to go on a tour and raise the same questions.
The use of the term servant instead of slave is obvious but it also reminded me of the other kind of unpaid workers that served land owners in colonial America - the indentured servant.
Indentured servants had a better shot at freedom than slaves did, but they are another glossed over example of the corruption that built our great nation. It also makes me wonder if there couldn't be a return to the idea of indentured servitude with a modern redefinition, considering our current economy.
What a great way to make indigent people and/or petty criminals serve a sentence without taxing the population - by forcing them into servitude for a prescribed period of time until their debt or debt to society is paid off.
Why does it seem like its not so impossible?
patrick | February 15, 2009 2:44 PM
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I am not excusing Jefferson, and I am sure you have considered the role of religion on slavery. The Bible put a stamp of approval on slavery and believers pointed to those passages for it's permission. The Southern Baptists broke away because they wanted slavery, and still believe in the inerrant word of god. Those passages of hate are still in the Bible, and only time will tell if they are really forgotten. It took a long time for those passages to lose legal meaning and civil rights law to evolve. LGBT's still don't have civil rights due to the "word".
http://www.religioustolerance.org/sla_bibl.htm
Charles Merrill | February 15, 2009 3:38 PM
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Wait, isn't Jefferson generally held up by secular Americans as an example of a founding father who wasn't Christian, much less a dogmatic fundamentalist?
Alex Blaze | February 17, 2009 8:36 AM
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Bravo. I would have started clapping.
ewe | February 15, 2009 4:31 PM
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Terrific piece, Terrance. An official issue needs to be made of this. I visited Monticello with a Virginian friend back in the early 1990s, and the staff there were still being honest about slavery. The tour guides even pointed out the little back stairway that Jefferson used to go upstairs and visit Sally Hemmings.
The next year, my friend went back to Monticello again, and she reported to me that there had been a 180-degree turn. Somebody in authority had made the decision to whitewash everything. Sally Hemmings was no longer mentioned.
Later in the 90s, while booktouring in NC, I was taken to visit the big museum of early-American architecture in Winston-Salem, with authentic rooms saved from historic houses that had been torn down --all the way from colonial cabins to just before the Civil War. The docent who toured us through the place managed not to mention the word "slavery," even though slaves had built every one of those homes.
In short, there must be a lot of historical sites where this whitewash needs to get sandblasted away. Perhaps with Obama in office, a new policy can be put in place throughout state and federal historical landmarks, to get the positionings honest and real again.
Patricia Nell Warren | February 15, 2009 6:39 PM
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I think it should be added that Jefferson died deep in debt (Monitcello was lost to his heirs) and did not fail to sell his slaves to the general plantations in order to live out the rest of his life in genteel comfort. He also sold his enormous book collection to the federal government to raise money. This collection became the origin of the Library of Congress. Still surviving are unopened bottles of French wine from his estate.
When I visited Monticello the tour guides spoke about the various "industries" (manufacturing building nails?) Jefferson attempted and failed at to sustain his idea of an "agrarian" American ideal free from the corruption of the cities. These ideals did not prevent him from securing his immediate comfort and freeing his slaves rather than giving up his failed attempts to run a profitable plantation.
His life is an incredible paradox. As it reads on his tombstone he wanted to be remembered as follows:
Author of the American Declaration of Independence
Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom
Father of the University of Virginia
Not his heights of achievement (President and Vice President) nor the depths of his failures.
Thank you Terrance
Robert Ganshorn | February 15, 2009 10:22 PM
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Just a quick aside: Contributor Marla Stevens is a part of Jefferson's family and was instrumental in getting the family to recognize Hemmings' descendant as family members once the DNA tests proved conclusive. (Although, if I remember correctly, she pushed for their inclusion before the DNA test was even possible.)
Bil Browning | February 15, 2009 10:43 PM
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Wow!
First, good for you for "going off". The way you described it, it seems like you demonstrated a remarkable amount of restraint.
Oh, and I think the following comment you wrote is one of the best quotes I've heard in a while:
"however painful or embarrassing it may be. History doesn't go away just because you ignore it. Instead, it's more like a child trying to get the attention of a preoccupied parent. It pops up and jumps in your face, demanding your attention at the most inconvenient and inopportune moments."
Indeed it does. That is one of the few things that gives me hope for the human race. Hopefully we will give that kid the proper attention instead of continuing to facilitate our own extinction.
EXCELLENT article.
EM
Elián Maricón | February 15, 2009 11:00 PM
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This quote from religioustolerance.org knocked me over:
Is the connection between fundamentalist hermeneutics and slavery more than coincidental? Do Evangelicals insist on literal interpretation because literal interpretation supports oppression?
Rev. Bob | February 16, 2009 12:58 AM
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I won't take time to look it up, but I am sure that somewhere in the Epistles of St. Paul, he admonishes someone to treat his slave(s) lovingly and with reasonable human respect, and for the slave to respect and obey the master.
Yes, that is an implicit approval of slavery --- but the form that slavery took in early America was about the cruelest form imaginable! What could be worse that treating humans like cattle, killing them like animals at a whim, and tearing apart families when economic gain requires it?
One can imagine a form of gentle slavery that might be considered moral ... but modern humanity has rejected slavery categorically, and that is simply a moral improvement we have made in civilization since Biblical times.
A. J. Lopp | February 21, 2009 10:15 PM
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Was a slave not a servant?
Adam | February 16, 2009 2:01 AM
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"Indentured Servitude" is how much of early colonial America became inhabited. The British citizenry could not afford passage except to indenture themselves as servants to farmers, mills etc. for various periods ranging from seven to twelve years.
The change came with Africans when laws were passed creating "indentured servants for life."
Robert Ganshorn | February 16, 2009 2:32 AM
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I should point out that the picture of the sign in the post was taken at Monticello, and apparently the signs have been updated since the my visit more than 10 years ago.
I realized upon reading the comments that I didn't include that information in my post, though I intended to. Writing in a hurry, I didn't write all the words I intended to write, but saw them there because I'd intended to write them.
I don't know that my outburst had anything to do with it. But I like to think it helped just a little. ;-)
Terrance | February 16, 2009 2:17 AM
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Great outburst. Too many people remain politely quiet in the face of other people's actions and inaction.
Alex Blaze | February 17, 2009 8:38 AM
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Terrance, in his 2001 book The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks, Randall Robinson writes about visiting Mount Vernon, the home of George and Martha Washington, and being told quietly by one of the black staff members that an area in the grounds behind the house is known to have been used as a graveyard for the slaves. The area supposedly is surrounded by a fence or ledge, but both the individual graves and that area as a whole remains totally unmarked --- another instance of the whitewashing you speak off.
A. J. Lopp | February 21, 2009 10:28 PM
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The DAR approached my mother about an auxiliary being formed for young girls. She was quite excited because my father had several relatives who signed the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence which preceded the July 4th one. "We have no one in our chapter relations to those courageous North Carolinians and, naturally thought your daughter might fit in nicely," the woman concluded.
My mother said she'd discuss it with her husband and daughter.
The Woman then inquired, "Mrs. Elliott, do you have any ancestors who fought in the American Revolution?"
My mother nodded, "Yes, as a matter of fact, I do. I'm a direct descendant of the commanding officer at the Battle of Trenton."
The DAR woman said with awed reverence, "You're related to General Washington?"
"No," my mother said,"My relative was a Hessian!"
Needless to say nothing more was said about my sister joining the DAR.
Rick Elliott | February 22, 2009 1:55 AM
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Great article, but I'm surprised that, in a post that talks about terminology and calling things what they are, you would refer to Jefferson's 'relationship' with his slave. Not only was Sally Hemmings 16 at the start of the 'relationship', but she was Jefferson's property. There can't be any meaningful consent there. Therefore, that's rape.
EGhead | February 22, 2009 2:23 AM
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Many people take this view, but I disagree. I'm not saying you are wrong, I am just saying there is no way to know. (Strict legalism can lead one into ridiculous territory: If slaves are the equivalent of cattle, why are you calling it "rape" instead of "bestiality"?)
Had Sally made clear Jefferson's interest was unwelcome, he did have the option to turn away like a gentleman. And of course, Sally realized her status as his concubine would be better than as "just another slave" --- you know, women to this day (and men, too) often consider "relationships" in terms of the economic security and comfort they can bring. The "exploitation" can go both ways.
We'll never know all the subtle innuendo that went on in this clandestine and intimate relationship, and I expect this argument about whether this coupling had any genuine human worth to it will never be resolved.
A. J. Lopp | February 22, 2009 1:36 PM
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First of all, I should clarify that I'm not speaking in legal terms; it wasn't even possible to rape a slave. It disappoints me, though, that anyone would take the stance that we just don't know enough about their relationship to call it rape. What you mean to say is you don't know enough about what constitutes rape to call it rape.
So I'll explain: the details don't matter. The fact is that he owned her, and he could do whatever he wanted to her without any consequence. Indeed, she could and may have said yes (for what that's worth coming from a 16-year-old piece of property), but she couldn't have said no; or, she may have said no, but clearly he didn't respect it. He was the only one who had control in that relationship. She could not leave him. She had to travel to Paris with him, she had to have his children. Whether she wanted to or not doesn't matter if she had to.
By the way, you can argue that Jefferson may have given her an explicit choice: only do this if you want to. That would have only meant something if he hadn't owned her. If he had set her free, and then they began the relationship... it might have been different. Might.
EGhead | February 22, 2009 11:50 PM
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